Main symptoms of psoriasis

Psoriasis typically causes patches of skin that are dry, red and covered in silver scales. Some people find their psoriasis causes itching or soreness.

There are several different types of psoriasis. Many people have only 1 form at a time, although 2 different types can occur together. One form may change into another or become more severe.

Most cases of psoriasis go through cycles, causing problems for a few weeks or months before easing or stopping.

You should see a GP if you think you may have psoriasis.

Common types of psoriasis

Plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris)

Credit:

Emiliano Rodriguez / Alamy Stock Photo

This is the most common form, accounting for about 80 to 90% of cases.

Its symptoms are dry red skin lesions, known as plaques, covered in silver scales.

They normally appear on your elbows, knees, scalp and lower back, but can appear anywhere on your body.

The plaques can be itchy or sore, or both. In severe cases, the skin around your joints may crack and bleed. 

Scalp psoriasis

This can occur on parts of your scalp or on the whole scalp. It causes red patches of skin covered in thick, silvery-white scales.

Some people find scalp psoriasis extremely itchy, while others have no discomfort.

In extreme cases, it can cause hair loss, although this is usually only temporary.

Nail psoriasis

In about half of all people with psoriasis, the condition affects the nails.

Psoriasis can cause your nails to develop tiny dents or pits, become discoloured or grow abnormally.

Nails can often become loose and separate from the nail bed. In severe cases, nails may crumble.

Guttate psoriasis

Guttate psoriasis causes small (less than 1cm) drop-shaped sores on your chest, arms, legs and scalp.

There's a good chance guttate psoriasis will disappear completely after a few weeks, but some people go on to develop plaque psoriasis.

This type of psoriasis sometimes occurs after a streptococcal throat infection and is more common among children and teenagers.

Inverse (flexural) psoriasis

This affects folds or creases in your skin, such as the armpits, groin, between the buttocks and under the breasts.

It can cause large, smooth red patches in some or all these areas.

Inverse psoriasis is made worse by friction and sweating, so it can be particularly uncomfortable in hot weather.

Less common types of psoriasis

Pustular psoriasis

Pustular psoriasis is a rarer type of psoriasis that causes pus-filled blisters (pustules) to appear on your skin.

Different types of pustular psoriasis affect different parts of the body.

Generalised pustular psoriasis or von Zumbusch psoriasis

This causes pustules that develop very quickly on a wide area of skin. The pus consists of white blood cells and is not a sign of infection.

The pustules may reappear every few days or weeks in cycles. During the start of these cycles, von Zumbusch psoriasis can cause fever, chills, weight loss and fatigue.

Palmoplantar pustulosis

This causes pustules to appear on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.

The pustules gradually develop into circular, brown, scaly spots that then peel off.

Pustules may reappear every few days or weeks.

Acropustulosis

This causes pustules to appear on your fingers and toes.

The pustules then burst, leaving bright red areas that may ooze or become scaly. These may lead to painful nail deformities.

Erythrodermic psoriasis

Erythrodermic psoriasis is a rare form of psoriasis that affects nearly all the skin on the body. This can cause intense itching or burning.

Erythrodermic psoriasis can cause your body to lose proteins and fluid, leading to further problems such as infection, dehydration, heart failure, hypothermia and malnutrition.

Further information

• Psoriasis Association: types of psoriasis
• PAPAA: scalp psoriasis
• PAPAA: nail psoriasis
• PAPAA: pustular psoriasis

Psoriasis occurs when skin cells are replaced more quickly than usual. It's not known exactly why this happens, but research suggests it's caused by a problem with the immune system.

Your body produces new skin cells in the deepest layer of skin. These skin cells gradually move up through the layers of skin until they reach the outermost level, where they die and flake off. This whole process normally takes around 3 to 4 weeks.

However, in people with psoriasis, this process only takes about 3 to 7 days. As a result, cells that are not fully mature build up rapidly on the surface of the skin, causing flaky, crusty red patches covered with silvery scales.

Problems with the immune system

Your immune system is your body's defence against disease and it helps fight infection. One of the main types of cell used by the immune system is called a T-cell.

T-cells normally travel through the body to detect and fight invading germs, such as bacteria. But in people with psoriasis, they start to attack healthy skin cells by mistake.

This causes the deepest layer of skin to produce new skin cells more quickly than usual, triggering the immune system to produce more T-cells.

It's not known what exactly causes this problem with the immune system, although certain genes and environmental triggers may play a role.

Genetics

Psoriasis runs in families, so you may be more likely to get psoriasis if you have a close relative with the condition, but the exact role genetics plays in psoriasis is unclear.

Research has shown that many different genes are linked to the development of psoriasis, and it's likely that different combinations of genes may make people more vulnerable to the condition.

However, having these genes does not necessarily mean you'll develop psoriasis.

Psoriasis triggers

Many people's psoriasis symptoms start or get worse because of a certain event, called a trigger. Knowing your triggers may help you avoid a flare-up.

Common psoriasis triggers include:

• an injury to your skin, such as a cut, scrape, insect bite or sunburn – this is called the Koebner response
• drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
• smoking
• stress
• hormonal changes, particularly in women – for example, during puberty and the menopause
• certain medicines – such as lithium, some antimalarial medicines, anti-inflammatory medicines including ibuprofen, and ACE inhibitors (used to treat high blood pressure)
• throat infections – in some people, usually children and young adults, a form of psoriasis called guttate psoriasis develops after a streptococcal throat infection, but most people who have streptococcal throat infections don't develop psoriasis
• other immune disorders, such as HIV, which cause psoriasis to flare up or appear for the first time

Psoriasis is not contagious, so it cannot be spread from person to person.

Treatment for psoriasis usually helps to keep the condition under control. Most people can be treated by their GP.

If your symptoms are particularly severe or not responding well to treatment, your GP may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist).

Treatments are determined by the type and severity of your psoriasis, and the area of skin affected. Your doctor will probably start with a mild treatment, such as topical creams applied to the skin, and then move on to stronger treatments if necessary.

A wide range of treatments are available for psoriasis, but identifying the most effective one can be difficult. Talk to your doctor if you feel a treatment is not working or you have uncomfortable side effects.

Treatments fall into 3 categories:

• topical – creams and ointments applied to your skin
• phototherapy – your skin is exposed to certain types of ultraviolet light
• systemic – oral and injected medications that work throughout the entire body

Different types of treatment are often used in combination.

Your treatment for psoriasis may need to be reviewed regularly. You may want to make a care plan – an agreement between you and your health professional – as this can help you manage your day-to-day health.

The various treatments for psoriasis are outlined below.

Further information

• NICE guidance on the assessment and management of psoriasis
• PAPAA: psoriasis treatments
• Psoriasis Association: psoriasis treatments
• What is a care plan?

Topical treatments

Topical treatments are usually the first treatments used for mild to moderate psoriasis. These are creams and ointments you apply to affected areas. 

Some people find that topical treatments are all they need to control their condition, although it may take up to 6 weeks before there's a noticeable effect.

If you have scalp psoriasis, a combination of shampoo and ointment may be recommended.

Emollients

Emollients are moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin to reduce water loss and cover it with a protective film. If you have mild psoriasis, an emollient is probably the first treatment your GP will suggest.

The main benefit of emollients is to reduce itching and scaling. Some topical treatments are thought to work better on moisturised skin. It's important to wait at least 30 minutes before applying a topical treatment after an emollient.

Emollients are available as a wide variety of products and can be bought over the counter from a pharmacy or prescribed by your GP, nurse or health visitor.

Read more about emollients.

Steroid creams or ointments

Steroid creams or ointments (topical corticosteroids) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate psoriasis in most areas of the body. The treatment works by reducing inflammation. This slows the production of skin cells and reduces itching.

Topical corticosteroids range in strength from mild to very strong. Only use them when recommended by your doctor.

Stronger topical corticosteroids can be prescribed by your doctor and should only be used on small areas of skin or on particularly thick patches. Overusing topical corticosteroids can lead to skin thinning.

Vitamin D analogues

Vitamin D analogue creams are commonly used along with or instead of steroid creams for mild to moderate psoriasis affecting areas such as the limbs, trunk or scalp. They work by slowing the production of skin cells. They also have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Examples of vitamin D analogues are calcipotriol, calcitriol and tacalcitol. There are very few side effects as long as you do not use more than the recommended amount.

Calcineurin inhibitors

Calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are ointments or creams that reduce the activity of the immune system and help to reduce inflammation. They're sometimes used to treat psoriasis affecting sensitive areas, such as the scalp, the genitals and folds in the skin, if steroid creams are not effective.

These medications can cause skin irritation or a burning and itching sensation when they're started, but this usually improves within a week.

Coal tar

Coal tar is a thick, heavy oil and is probably the oldest treatment for psoriasis. How it works is not exactly known, but it can reduce scales, inflammation and itchiness.

It may be used to treat psoriasis affecting the limbs, trunk or scalp if other topical treatments are not effective. 

Coal tar can stain clothes and bedding and has a strong smell. It can be used in combination with phototherapy.

Dithranol

Dithranol has been used for more than 50 years to treat psoriasis. It has been shown to be effective in suppressing the production of skin cells and has few side effects. However, it can burn if it's too concentrated.

It's typically used as a short-term treatment, under hospital supervision, for psoriasis affecting the limbs or trunk, as it stains everything it comes into contact with, including skin, clothes and bathroom fittings.

It's applied to your skin (by someone wearing gloves) and left for 10 to 60 minutes before being washed off.

Dithranol can be used in combination with phototherapy.

Further information

• Psoriasis Association: treatments from a GP
• PAPAA: emollients and psoriasis

Phototherapy

Phototherapy uses natural and artificial light to treat psoriasis. Artificial light therapy can be given in hospitals and some specialist centres, usually under the care of a dermatologist. These treatments are not the same as using a sunbed.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy

UVB phototherapy uses a wavelength of light invisible to human eyes. The light slows down the production of skin cells and is an effective treatment for some types of psoriasis that have not responded to topical treatments.

Each session only takes a few minutes, but you may need to go to hospital 2 or 3 times a week for 6 to 8 weeks.

Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA)

For this treatment, you'll first be given a tablet containing compounds called psoralens, or psoralen may be applied directly to the skin. This makes your skin more sensitive to light.

Your skin is then exposed to a wavelength of light called ultraviolet A (UVA). This light penetrates your skin more deeply than ultraviolet B light.

This treatment may be used if you have severe psoriasis that has not responded to other treatment.

Side effects include nausea, headaches, burning and itchiness. You may need to wear special glasses for 24 hours after taking the tablet to prevent the development of cataracts.

Long-term use of this treatment is not encouraged, as it can increase your risk of developing skin cancer.

Combination light therapy

Combining phototherapy with other treatments often increases its effectiveness.

Some doctors use UVB phototherapy in combination with coal tar, as the coal tar makes the skin more receptive to light. Combining UVB phototherapy with dithranol cream may also be effective – this is known as Ingram treatment.

Further information

• Psoriasis Association: treatments from a dermatologist
• PAPAA: psoriasis and phototherapy

Tablets, capsules and injections

If your psoriasis is severe or other treatments have not worked, you may be prescribed systemic treatments by a specialist. Systemic treatments work throughout the entire body.

These medications can be very effective in treating psoriasis, but they all have potentially serious side effects. All the systemic treatments for psoriasis have benefits and risks. Before starting treatment, talk to your doctor about your treatment options and any risks associated with them.

If you're planning for a baby, become pregnant or are thinking of breastfeeding, you should also speak to your doctor first before taking any new medicine to check it's suitable for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

There are 2 main types of systemic treatment, called non-biological (usually given as tablets or capsules) and biological (usually given as injections).

Non-biological medications

Methotrexate

Methotrexate can help control psoriasis by slowing down the production of skin cells and suppressing inflammation. It's usually taken once a week.

Methotrexate can cause nausea and may affect the production of blood cells. Long-term use can cause liver damage. People who have liver disease should not take methotrexate, and you should not drink alcohol when taking it.

Methotrexate can be very harmful to a developing baby, so it's important that women use contraception and do not become pregnant while they take this drug and for at least 3 months after they stop.

The safety for men fathering a pregnancy while taking methotrexate is less clear. As a precaution, men are advised to delay trying for a baby until at least 3 months since their last dose of methotrexate.

Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin is a medicine that suppresses your immune system (immunosuppressant). It was originally used to prevent transplant rejection but has proved effective in treating all types of psoriasis. It's usually taken daily.

Ciclosporin increases your chances of kidney disease and high blood pressure, which will need to be monitored.

Acitretin

Acitretin is an oral retinoid that reduces skin cell production. It's used to treat severe psoriasis that has not responded to other non-biological systemic treatments. It's usually taken daily.

Acitretin has a wide range of side effects, including dryness and cracking of the lips, dryness of the nasal passages and, in rarer cases, hepatitis.

Acitretin can be very harmful to a developing baby, so it's important that women use contraception and do not become pregnant while taking this drug, and for at least 3 years after they stop taking it. However, it's safe for a man taking acitretin to father a baby.

Newer drugs

Apremilast and dimethyl fumarate are newer medicines that help to reduce inflammation. They are taken as daily tablets. These medicines are only recommended for use if you have severe psoriasis that has not responded to other treatments, such as biological treatments.

Further information

• NICE guidance on apremilast for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on dimethyl fumarate for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis

Biological treatments

Biological treatments reduce inflammation by targeting overactive cells in the immune system. They are usually used if you have severe psoriasis that has not responded to other treatments, or if you cannot use other treatments.

Etanercept

Etanercept is injected twice a week, and you'll be shown how to do this. If there's no improvement in your psoriasis after 12 weeks, the treatment will be stopped.

The main side effect of etanercept is a rash where the injection is given. However, as etanercept affects the whole immune system, there's a risk of serious side effects, including severe infection.

If you have had tuberculosis in the past, there's a risk it may return.

You'll be monitored for side effects during your treatment.

Adalimumab

Adalimumab is injected once every 2 weeks, and you'll be shown how to do this. If there's no improvement in your psoriasis after 16 weeks, the treatment will be stopped.

The main side effects of adalimumab include headaches, a rash at the injection site and nausea. However, as adalimumab affects the whole immune system, there's a risk of serious side effects, including severe infections.

You'll be monitored for side effects during your treatment.

Infliximab

Infliximab is given as a drip (infusion) into your vein at the hospital. You'll have 3 infusions in the first 6 weeks, then 1 infusion every 8 weeks. If there's no improvement in your psoriasis after 10 weeks, the treatment will be stopped.

The main side effect of infliximab is a headache. However, as infliximab affects the whole immune system, there's a risk of serious side effects, including severe infections.

You'll be monitored for side effects during your treatment.

Ustekinumab

Ustekinumab is injected at the beginning of treatment, then again 4 weeks later. After this, injections are every 12 weeks. If there's no improvement in your psoriasis after 16 weeks, the treatment will be stopped.

The main side effects of ustekinumab are a throat infection and a rash at the injection site. However, as ustekinumab affects the whole immune system, there's a risk of serious side effects, including severe infections.

You'll be monitored for side effects during your treatment.

Newer drugs

There is an increasing number of newer biological treatments that are given as injections. These include guselkumab and brodalumab.

They're recommended for people who have severe psoriasis that has not improved with other treatments or when other treatments are not suitable.

Further information

• NICE guidance on etanercept and efalizumab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis – efalizumab has been withdrawn from use because of safety concerns, and NICE has suspended its guidance on this drug
• NICE guidance on adalimumab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis 
• NICE guidance on infliximab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis 
• NICE guidance on ustekinumab for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe psoriasis 
• NICE guidance on secukinumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on ixekizumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on brodalumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on guselkumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on certolizumab pegol for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
• NICE guidance on tildrakizumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis

Although psoriasis is just a minor irritation for some people, it can significantly impact quality of life for those more severely affected.

If you have psoriasis, you may find the following advice helpful.

Self-care

Self-care is an essential part of your daily life. It involves taking responsibility for your own health and wellbeing, with support from those involved in your care.

Self-care includes staying fit, maintaining good physical and mental health, preventing illness or accidents, and caring more effectively for minor illnesses and long-term conditions.

People with long-term conditions can benefit enormously from self-care. They can live longer; have less pain, anxiety, depression and fatigue; have a better quality of life; and be more active and independent. Having a care plan will help you manage your treatment so that it fits your lifestyle.

Further information

• Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Alliance (PAPAA): self help

Keep up your treatment

It's important to use your treatment as prescribed, even if your psoriasis improves. Continuous treatment can help prevent flare-ups. If you have any questions or concerns about your treatment or any side effects, talk to your GP or healthcare team.

Regular reviews

Because psoriasis is usually a long-term condition, you may be in regular contact with your healthcare team. Discuss your symptoms or concerns with them, as the more the team knows, the more they can help you.

Help with health costs

If you regularly pay for more than 3 prescriptions a month, you may save money with a prescription prepayment certificate (PPC).

To check the cost of a PPC, call 0845 850 0030 or check leaflet HC12 (available in some pharmacies or GP surgeries).

Further information

• Help with health costs: prescription costs
• Where can I get a prescription prepayment certificate (PPC)?
• Money Advice Service

Healthy eating and exercise

People with psoriasis have a slightly higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease than the general population, although it's not known why.

Regular exercise and a healthy diet are recommended for everyone, not just people with psoriasis, because they can help to prevent many health problems. Eating a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly can also relieve stress, which may improve your psoriasis.

Further information

• PAPAA: psoriasis and smoking
• PAPAA: psoriasis and the heart

Emotional impact of psoriasis

The effect that psoriasis can have on physical appearance means low self-esteem and anxiety are common among people with the condition. This can lead to depression, especially if the psoriasis gets worse.

Your GP or dermatologist will understand the psychological and emotional impact of psoriasis, so talk to them about your concerns or anxieties.

Further information

• PAPAA: psychological aspects of psoriasis

Psoriatic arthritis

Some people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis. This causes tenderness, pain and swelling in the joints and connective tissue, as well as stiffness. It can affect any joint in the body but often affects the hands, feet, knees, neck, spine and elbows.

Most people develop psoriatic arthritis after psoriasis, but some people develop it before they're diagnosed with psoriasis.

There's no single test for psoriatic arthritis. It's normally diagnosed using a combination of methods, including looking at your medical history, physical examinations, blood tests, X-rays and MRI scans. If you have psoriasis, you'll usually have an annual assessment to look for signs of psoriatic arthritis.

If your doctor thinks you have psoriatic arthritis, you'll usually be referred to a specialist called a rheumatologist so you can be treated with anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic medicines.

Further information

• Arthritis Research UK: psoriatic arthritis
• PAPAA: psoriatic arthritis
• Psoriasis Association: psoriatic arthritis

Pregnancy

Psoriasis does not affect fertility, and women with psoriasis can have a normal pregnancy and a healthy baby. Some women find their psoriasis improves during pregnancy, but for others it gets worse.

Talk to your healthcare team if you're thinking of having a baby. Some treatments for psoriasis can be harmful to a developing baby, so use contraception while taking them. This can apply to both men and women, depending on the medication. Your healthcare team can suggest the best ways to control your psoriasis before you start trying for a family.

Further information

• PAPAA: fertility, conception and pregnancy

Talk to others

Many people with psoriasis have found that getting involved in support groups helps. Support groups can increase your self-confidence, reduce feelings of isolation and give you practical advice about living with the condition.

Further information

• The Psoriasis Association forums