Symptoms of meningitis can appear in any order. Some may not appear at all. In the early stages, there may not be a rash or the rash may fade on pressure.

You should get medical help immediately if you're concerned about yourself or your child.

Trust your instincts and do not wait until a rash develops.

Symptoms of meningitis, septicaemia and meningococcal disease include:

• a high temperature
• cold hands and feet
• vomiting
• confusion
• breathing quickly
• muscle and joint pain
• pale, mottled or blotchy skin
• spots or a rash
• headache
• a stiff neck
• a dislike of bright lights
• being very sleepy or difficult to wake
• fits (seizures)

Babies may also:

• refuse feeds
• be irritable
• have a high-pitched cry
• have a stiff body or be floppy or unresponsive
• have a bulging soft spot on the top of their head

Someone with meningitis, septicaemia or meningococcal disease can get a lot worse very quickly.

Call 999 for an ambulance or go to your nearest A&E if you think you or your child might be seriously ill.

Call NHS 111 or your GP surgery for advice if you're not sure if it's anything serious.

Meningitis rash

Credit:

Mediscan / Alamy Stock Photo

Credit:

Alamy Stock Photo

Credit:

Meningitis Research UK

If a rash does not fade under a glass, it can be a sign of sepsis (sometimes called septicaemia or blood poisoning) caused by meningitis and you should call 999 straight away.

Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

Viral meningitis is the most common and least serious type. Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be very serious if not treated.

Several different viruses and bacteria can cause meningitis, including:

• meningococcal bacteria – there are several different types, called A, B, C, W, X, Y and Z
• pneumococcal bacteria
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria
• enteroviruses – viruses that usually only cause a mild stomach infection
• the mumps virus
• the herpes simplex virus – a virus that usually causes cold sores or genital herpes

A number of meningitis vaccinations provide protection against many of the infections that can cause meningitis.

How meningitis is spread

The viruses and bacteria that cause meningitis can be spread through:

• sneezing
• coughing 
• kissing
• sharing utensils, cutlery and toothbrushes

The infection is usually spread by people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat, but are not ill themselves.

The infection can also be spread by someone with meningitis, although this is less common.

It's possible to get meningitis more than once.

Who's most at risk?

Anyone can potentially get meningitis, but it's more common in:

• babies and young children
• teenagers and young adults
• elderly people
• people with a weak immune system – for example, those with HIV and those having chemotherapy

You can reduce the risk of getting meningitis by ensuring all your vaccinations are up-to-date.

Find out more about meningitis vaccinations

People with suspected meningitis will usually need to have tests in hospital and may need to stay in hospital for treatment.

Tests in hospital

Several tests may be carried out to confirm the diagnosis and check whether the condition is the result of a viral or bacterial infection.

These tests may include:

• a physical examination to look for symptoms of meningitis
• a blood test to check for bacteria or viruses
• a lumbar puncture – where a sample of fluid is taken from the spine and checked for bacteria or viruses
• a CT scan to check for any problems with the brain, such as swelling

As bacterial meningitis can be very serious, treatment with antibiotics will usually start before the diagnosis is confirmed and will be stopped later on if tests show the condition is being caused by a virus.

Treatment in hospital

Treatment in hospital is recommended in all cases of bacterial meningitis, as the condition can cause serious problems and requires close monitoring.

Severe viral meningitis may also be treated in hospital.

Treatments include:

• antibiotics given directly into a vein
• fluids given directly into a vein to prevent dehydration
• oxygen through a face mask if there are any breathing difficulties
• steroid medication to help reduce any swelling around the brain, in some cases

People with meningitis may need to stay in hospital for a few days, and in certain cases treatment may be needed for several weeks.

Even after going home, it may be a while before you feel completely back to normal.

Additional treatment and long-term support may also be required if any complications of meningitis occur, such as hearing loss.

Treatment at home

You'll usually be able to go home from hospital if you or your child has mild meningitis and tests show it's being caused by a viral infection.

This type of meningitis will normally get better on its own without causing any serious problems. Most people feel better within 7 to 10 days.

In the meantime, it can help to:

• get plenty of rest
• take painkillers for a headache or general aches
• take anti-sickness medicine for any vomiting

Preventing the spread of infection

The risk of someone with meningitis spreading the infection to others is generally low.

But if someone is thought to be at high risk of infection, they may be given a dose of antibiotics as a precautionary measure.

This may include anyone who's been in prolonged close contact with someone who developed meningitis, such as:

• people living in the same house
• pupils sharing a dormitory
• university students sharing a hall of residence
• a boyfriend or girlfriend

People who have only had brief contact with someone who developed meningitis will not usually need to take antibiotics.

Most people make a full recovery from meningitis, but it can sometimes cause serious long-term problems and can be life threatening.

This is why it's so important to get medical help as soon as possible if you think you or your child has symptoms of meningitis, and why meningitis vaccinations are offered to certain groups.

It's estimated up to 1 person in every 2 or 3 who survives bacterial meningitis is left with 1 or more permanent problems.

Complications are much rarer after viral meningitis.

Main complications

Some of the most common complications associated with meningitis are:

• hearing loss, which may be partial or total – people who have had meningitis will usually have a hearing test after a few weeks to check for any problems
• recurrent seizures (epilepsy)
• problems with memory and concentration
• co-ordination, movement and balance problems
• learning difficulties and behavioural problems
• vision loss, which may be partial or total
• loss of limbs – amputation is sometimes necessary to stop the infection spreading through the body and remove damaged tissue
• bone and joint problems, such as arthritis
• kidney problems

Overall, it's estimated up to 1 in every 10 cases of bacterial meningitis is fatal.

Treatment and support

Additional treatment and long-term support may be required if you or your child experience complications of meningitis.

For example:

• cochlear implants, which are small devices that are inserted into the ears to improve hearing, may be needed in cases of severe hearing loss – read more about treatment for hearing loss
• prosthetic limbs and rehabilitation support may help if it was necessary to amputate any limbs – read more about recovering after an amputation
• counselling and psychological support may help if the trauma of having meningitis causes problems such as disturbed sleep, bedwetting, or fear of doctors and hospitals

You may also find it useful to get in touch with organisations such as the Meningitis Research Foundation or Meningitis Now for support and advice about life after meningitis.

The Meningitis Research Foundation has information on the after effects of meningitis in children.

This includes a guide to recovering from childhood meningitis and septicaemia.

Meningitis can be caused by a number of different infections, so several vaccinations offer some protection against it.

Children should receive most of these as part of the NHS vaccination schedule.

Speak to your GP if you're not sure whether your or your child's vaccinations are up-to-date.

Meningitis B vaccine

The meningitis B vaccine is a vaccine that offers protection against meningococcal group B bacteria, which are a common cause of meningitis in young children in the UK.

The vaccine is recommended for babies aged 8 weeks, followed by a second dose at 16 weeks and a booster at 1 year.

Find out more about the meningitis B vaccine

6-in-1 vaccine

The 6-in-1 vaccine, also known as the DTaP/IPV/Hib/Hep B vaccine, offers protection against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

Hib are a type of bacteria that can cause meningitis.

The vaccine is given on 3 separate occasions, when babies are 8, 12 and 16 weeks old.

Find out more about the 6-in-1 vaccine

Pneumococcal vaccine

The pneumococcal vaccine offers protection against serious infections caused by pneumococcal bacteria, including meningitis.

Babies born on or after 1 January 2020 have the pneumococcal vaccine as 2 separate injections at 12 weeks with a booster given at 1 year of age. Babies born before this date will continue to be offered 3 doses, at 8 and 16 weeks and a booster at 1 year.

Find out more about the pneumococcal vaccine

Hib/Men C vaccine

The meningitis C vaccine offers protection against a type of bacteria called meningococcal group C bacteria, which can cause meningitis.

Babies are offered a combined Hib/Men C vaccine at 1 year of age.

Teenagers and first-time university students are also offered vaccination against meningococcal group C bacteria as part of the combined meningitis ACWY vaccine.

MMR vaccine

The MMR vaccine offers protection against measles, mumps and rubella. Meningitis can sometimes occur as a complication of these infections.

The vaccine is usually given to babies at 1 year of age. They'll then have a second dose when they're 3 years and 4 months old.

Find out more about the MMR vaccine

Meningitis ACWY vaccine

The meningitis ACWY vaccines offers protection against 4 types of bacteria that can cause meningitis: meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y.

Young teenagers, sixth formers and "fresher" students going to university for the first time are advised to have the vaccination.

Find out more about the meningitis ACWY vaccine